Canada

For nearly four centuries, Canada lived in a rare, strategic luxury, without having to worry about the security of its borders.

Archived link

Canada shared its borders only with the friendly US, two oceans – the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, Greenland, and the Arctic’s ‘no-man land’.

...

This geographic luxury meant that, for centuries, Canada never truly had to think like a hard military power. The Arctic was frozen, impassable, and largely irrelevant. The South was friendly. The threats were distant.

It enjoyed what is referred to as the “peace dividend”.

However, in 2026, this illusion is disappearing fast. The Arctic is melting, and the South is no longer friendly.

...

Russia is expanding its Arctic footprint. China calls itself a ‘near Arctic power’. The US is showing renewed interest in dominating the Arctic, with Greenland serving as just one piece of the Arctic jigsaw puzzle.

...

Climate change, [Chief of the Defense Staff General Jennie] Carignan said, has brought seismic changes, and it is crucial for Canada to “position itself differently” to “ensure that we are in control and taking responsibility for our defense.”

...

At the same time, Canada needs to diversify its supply chains, as it has been too reliant on the US for procuring weapons ... While European countries are focusing on “buy European” under the “Rearm Europe” program, an over US$850 billion rearmament program to strengthen European defense, Canada is enhancing its defense partnerships with the EU.

...

However, Carignan said that “sustained and stable investments over the next 10–15 years” are necessary to carry out these transformation and modernization efforts.

Canada aims to invest CAN $500 billion in defense over the next 10 years.

...

Meanwhile, Russia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs warned Canada in March that Arctic militarization could lead to ‘unintentional incidents’ in the region.

The statement was Russia’s “signal” that it wants to be taken into account as other Arctic nations build up their military capacities in the North, says Alison LeClaire, Canada’s former ambassador to Russia.

In the meantime, Canada is continuing to “monitor developments and take steps to deter threats to allied security,” said Thida Ith, spokesperson for Global Affairs Canada, in an emailed response to Zakharova’s statement.

...

Russia and China pose the most significant threat to Canada’s interests in the Arctic, says Canadian Armed Forces Maj.-Gen. Michael Wright.

...

From 2014 to 2019, Russia established 14 airfields, six military bases, refurbished 16 Soviet-era deepwater ports, and established 10 border posts in the Arctic according to the Arctic Institute, a U.S.-based think tank.

Russia’s intelligence services have engaged in “foreign interference activities” in Canada’s Arctic, according to a 2024 report from CSIS, Canada’s spy agency.

The report didn’t specify what those activities are, but said the agency is working to “counter threats posed by the Russian Federation towards Canada’s Arctic sovereignty.”

...