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There is a lot of nuance that gets lost in the discussion of asylums, particularly if you know about them primarily from fictional sources. Historically they were actually a great improvement over the model that existed up to the late 1800s. That model threw the mentally ill into a general prisoner population which included debtors, criminals, and anyone else deemed appropriate. There wasn't a keen understanding of mental illness or how it differed from cognitive dysfunction or how either of them differed from bad morals. It didn't matter because there wasn't really any treatment anyways.
There were attempts to separate out those who couldn't care for themselves from those who wouldn't. Bethlehem Hospital is an example of this and that did not work out particularly well. It gave us the word bedlam in english which means loud confusion. It was a popular tourist attraction as well with the well-to-do paying fees to watch the capers of the mentally ill while they suffered. So prison or a sideshow.
Against this backdrop the asylum model was pretty humane. By the early 20th century medicine was getting a hand in mental illness, and there was general agreement that we shouldn't make their lives miserable for our own amusement. At its best, an asylum would be in a rural location with an associated farm. Residents would work if they were able tending animals or gardens, or maintaining the buildings or working in the kitchen. The produce would provide some income and partially supply the kitchens. What developed then was a self contained community with some residential staff.
One of the best documents for this model is Erving Goffman's Asylums published in 1961. It examines the asylum model in great detail. It is worth mentioning that there was anti-psychiatry movement at that time that continued build steam through the 1970s. Goffman writes with an eye towards that movement that often portrays the staff as being the beneficiaries of the institution. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest shows this in a setting reminiscent of bedlam like torture. Inherent Vice portrays it in a humorous fashion with psychiatrists dining on linen table cloths and eating gourmet meals prepared by patients. Both are fictionalized exaggerations, but it's true of any institution that lacks strong oversight that they will be highly variable depending on the specific adminstration and culture at a locale. This is true of prisons as well.
So that was kind of the situation in 1980 when Reagan came into office closed them all down. The mentally ill now live on the streets. I worked in this area for many years. It's funny to me how a modern best practice would have a stable community setting with residential staff and meaningful work for people according to their capacity. Sound familiar?
From which L. Ron Hubbard greatly benefited when pushing Scientology as an alternative.
He made Scientology anti-psychiatry because his previous attempt Psychiatry fraud fell through