Lemmy NSFW

That is not the issue

It's the underlying cause of the issue. (Well, that and dealing with cloudflare.)

we are having issues with our cloudflare account

Yes (that's what cloudflare appears to be for). Which is causing your stupid proxy to produce this shit instead of an image:

{"code":"object-request-error","msg":"Error performing PUT https://eb21b514652257169b552d5ece7ddfd2.r2.cloudflarestorage.com/lemmynsfw/01/98/22/63/d5/9e/74/c2/94/48/97232eff1bb0.jpeg in 45.917481ms - Server returned non-2xx status code: 403 Forbidden: NotEntitledPlease enable R2 through the Cloudflare Dashboard."}

You'll notice how the first link, which is what your site produces, craps out (because your cloudflare account isn't working properly, as tends to happen with cloudflare, no surprise there), while the second link, which is the original URL reconstructed from your mangling, works perfectly. (I grabbed it from some random post in the front page, the content is irrelevant but harmless).

So keep the fucking original URL instead of hijacking it with some stupid unnecessary proxy and it'll fucking work!

Q.E. fucking D., for fuck's sake! 🤷‍♂️